l FPIC and beyond: safeguards for power-equalising research that protects biodiversity, rights and culture 53 been difficult without an international complaints mechanism. The newly adopted Optional Protocol of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) may offer real opportunities to do that. The entry into force of the Optional Protocol greatly improves access to justice for victims of violations of the right to food and other rights by allowing individuals or groups to bring a complaint directly to the CESCR (Ziegler et al., 2011). However, history everywhere shows that these human rights will need to be claimed through the agency and social mobilisation of local communities and wider coalitions of citizens. In many cases, legal redress will not be enough: safeguards based on more radical expressions of deep democracy, self-determination, self-organisation, direct action and people’s sovereignty will be needed for equity, social justice and environmental sustainability. Developing such safeguards is a vitally important new conceptual and methodological frontier for power-equalising research that truly works for the well-being of people and the Earth. CONTACT DETAILS Dr Michel Pimbert Principal Researcher Agroecology and Food Sovereignty Team Natural Resources Group International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 80-86 Gray's Inn Road London WC1X 8NH UK Email: michel.pimbert@iied.org REFERENCES Argumedo, A. and M.P. Pimbert (2008) Protecting farmers' rights with indigenous biocultural territories: the experience of the Potato Park. ANDES and IIED. Presented at COP 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, May 2008, Bonn. Colchester, M. and M.F. Ferrari (2007) Making FPIC – free, prior and informed consent – work: challenges and prospects for indigenous people. Forest Peoples Programme. Online: http://tinyurl.com/fpicchallenge. Full URL: www.forestpeoples.org/topics/civil-political-rights/publication/2010/ making-fpic-free-prior-and-informed-consent-work-chal Community Media Trust, P.V. Satheesh and M.P. Pimbert (2008) Affirming life and diversity: rural images and voices on food sovereignty in South India. Reclaiming Diversity and Citizenship series, IIED: London. CNOP et al. (2007) Peasant seeds, the foundation of food sovereignty in Africa. CNOP, BEDE and IIED. Online: http://pubs.iied.org/14565IIED.html Cook, T. (2012) ‘Where participatory approaches meet pragmatism in funded (health) research: the challenge of finding meaningful spaces.’ Forum: Qualitative Social Research 13:1. Online: http://tinyurl.com/cook-2012. Full URL: www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1783/3304 Denzin, N.K., Y.S. Lincoln and L.T. Smith (2008) Handbook of critical and indigenous methodologies. Sage. ETC (2011) Who will control the green economy? New report on corporate concentration in the life industries. ETC. Online: www.etcgroup.org/upload/ETC_wwctge_14dec2011_4web.pdf

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