65 Photo: © Bulatlat 4 Women in the Philippines protesting against mining on World Indigenous Peoples Day. This issue draws on a range of experiences of using these tools in different biodiversity and natural resources contexts to help understand how to support community protocols and FPIC. A key lesson is that, to be effective and to generate maximum benefits, CPs and FPIC must be bottom-up processes, designed and controlled by communities, not topdown ones designed and controlled by government or commercial organisations. The articles also suggest institutional changes are needed if these bottom-up processes are to be supported. Developing the special issue We were very pleased to be able to work with IIED’s Agroecology and Food Sovereignty team and its networks in developing this issue, in particular the Kalpavriksh Environmental Action Group, India; Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment; COMPAS (COMPAring and Supporting Endogenous Development) Network; and the Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT). The issue benefited greatly from bringing together the experiences of biodiversity practitioners through our guest editors and contributors and those of participation practitioners through our editorial board. This is an important role that Participatory Learning and Action plays – bridging the gap between different communities of practice, enabling mutual learning, and ensuring that newer participator y approaches draw on past experiences and lessons. We hope that the issue will provide ideas and inspiration for biodiversity practitioners and other natural resources and development workers, as well as those tasked with implementing the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol.

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