Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Glossary of acronyms.................................................................................................................................6
1.
Status of the requirement for FPIC under international law........................................................................7
International standards and the requirement for FPIC..........................................................................7
Specific standards pertaining to corporate engagement with indigenous peoples................................9
2.
Content of FPIC under human rights law and standards..................................................................... 11
Indigenous peoples’ perspectives on FPIC in the context of mining projects...........................................17
Definition of FPIC as a right, a process and a principle.......................................................................17
Culturally appropriate FPIC processes................................................................................................18
Indigenous guidelines for FPIC implementation..................................................................................20
Role of stakeholders in operationalizing FPIC.....................................................................................23
Challenges faced by indigenous peoples............................................................................................24
3.
Case Studies addressing indigenous peoples’ FPIC protocols.................................................................29
Resguardo Indígena de Cañamono Lomaprieta, Riosucio y Supía Caldas, Colombia.......................29
The case of the Subanen of Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines........................................................30
Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug (KI) First Nation – FPIC protocols as a means of resistance...........33
Canadian negotiation approaches – building leverage for consent requirements...............................36
4.
Company perceptions of FPIC..................................................................................................................40
Interview Scope...................................................................................................................................40
FPIC in corporate policy......................................................................................................................41
Corporate perspectives on FPIC operationalization............................................................................43
Positive practices raised by companies...............................................................................................50
5.
Company case studies..............................................................................................................................53
Jabiluka – Rio Tinto / ERA and the Mirarr People...............................................................................53
SMI – Xstrata – Tampakan Copper-Gold Project.................................................................................58
Groote Eylandt – BHP / GEMCO and the Warnindilyakwa / Anindilyakwa people..............................60
De Beers Canada – Victor, Gahcho Kue and Snap Lake projects......................................................63
6.
International financial institutions and FPIC..............................................................................................67
7.
Conclusion and areas for further discussion.............................................................................................69
8.
General guiding principles and recommendations....................................................................................74
End notes..................................................................................................................................................80
2
Making Free, Prior and Informed Consent a Reality