Acknowledgments W to thank Dr Irene Hoffmann, Animal Genetic Resource Branch, FAO, for financial support as well as for her editorial inputs. We are grateful to the German Society for Technical Cooperation, especially Dr Andreas Drews, Access and Benefit Sharing Capacity Development Initiative for Africa, for inviting us to participate in the meeting of Indigenous and Local Communities that was held in Nairobi in September 2009. E WOULD LIKE Kabir Bavikatte and Harry Jonas of Natural Justice have been the initiators of the whole approach, and without them nothing would ever have happened. Gino Cocchiaro, initially of the International Development Law Organization, joined their efforts. We are also grateful to the various communities that took the lead in embarking on the process of establishing protocols. In India, Hanwant Singh and the staff of Lokhit PashuPalak Sansthan were instrumental in facilitating the process among the Raika, while P. Vivekanandan of the Society for Environment and Voluntary Action catalysed the Lingayat Community Protocol of the Bargur cattle breeders. In Kenya, Dr Pat Lanyasunya and Dr Jacob Wanyama played a key role as community facilitators. In Pakistan, the Pashtoon Biocultural protocol was enthusiastically facilitated by Dr Abdul Raziq Kakar of Society of Animal, Veterinary and Environmental Scientists, with legal inputs provided by Misha Rehman. A large number of donors have over the years supported the efforts to strive for Livestock Keepers Rights. The pioneer among these was Misereor, but the HIVOS-Oxfam Novib Biodiversity Fund, Swedbio and the Swiss Development Corporation followed suit. Raika leader and Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan board member Dayali Devi (Dailibai) had the courage to fly to Kenya and to Canada to act as ambassador for her community and for community protocols. We also thank the Rain-Fed Livestock Network in India and the Ford Foundation for supporting a workshop to discuss the pros and cons of biocultural protocols that was held in Khabha in Rajasthan, India, in February 2010. We thank Dr Paul Mundy for proof-reading. v

Select target paragraph3